The term Multichannel Video Programming Distributor (MVPD) is formally defined by U.S. law. As outlined in the Code of Federal Regulations (47 C.F.R. § 76.1000(e)), an MVPD is "an entity engaged in the business of making available for purchase, by subscribers or customers, multiple channels of video programming." This definition traditionally encompassed facility-based providers like cable operators, satellite services, and telco TV providers.

It’s important to distinguish these providers from OTT “channel aggregators” (e.g., Prime Video Channels) or Free Ad-Supported Streaming TV (FAST) services (e.g., Pluto TV, Samsung TV Plus). Those platforms primarily offer subscriptions to individual streaming services or curated ad-supported channels, respectively. They are generally not classified as MVPDs under this specific FCC definition unless they bundle multiple linear-style, subscribed channels in a way that meets the full regulatory criteria. In Europe, similar distribution entities that provide television services to the public are often referred to under the framework of “electronic communications networks.”

A key evolution has been the rise of virtual MVPDs (vMVPDs) like YouTube TV and Hulu + Live TV, which deliver comparable bundles of live linear channels over the public internet. These services often feature more flexible subscription terms and distinct user interfaces. This distinction between traditional MVPDs and internet-delivered vMVPDs is crucial for networks in tailoring distribution strategies.

For Pay-TV networks, MVPDs are essential B2B partners, facilitating affiliate fee collection and access to advertising audiences. The financial health and strategic direction of these distributors directly impact network revenues. Networks track MVPD subscriber trends, churn, and ARPU. While comprehensive public data for traditional MVPDs can be limited, platforms like Streaming Metrics offer valuable benchmarks, especially for the vMVPD segment.

Carriage agreements between networks and MVPDs are complex, multi-year contracts detailing financial terms and content rights. Regulatory frameworks, like FCC rules on retransmission consent and program access, also heavily influence these negotiations. As the market evolves, these regulations are periodically reviewed. The ongoing shift towards streaming means many legacy MVPDs are transforming, often prioritizing broadband services.

In conclusion, MVPDs remain critical for Pay-TV networks, requiring adept management of these complex partnerships with robust data and strategic insights.